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The Afghan Northern Alliance ((ペルシア語:ائتلاف شمال)), officially known as the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ((ペルシア語:جبهه متحد اسلامی ملی برای نجات افغانستان) ''Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islāmi-yi Millī barā-yi Nijāt-i Afghānistān''), was a military front that came to formation in late 1996 after the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) took over Kabul. The United Front was assembled by key leaders of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, particularly president Burhanuddin Rabbani and former Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. Initially it included mostly Tajiks but by 2000, leaders of other ethnic groups had joined the Northern Alliance. This included Abdul Rashid Dostum, Mohammad Mohaqiq, Abdul Qadir, Asif Mohseni and others. The Northern Alliance fought a defensive war against the Taliban government. They received support from Iran, Russia, Turkey, India, Tajikistan and others, while the Taliban were backed by al-Qaeda. The Northern Alliance was mostly made up of ethnic Tajiks, but later included Uzbeks, Hazaras. The Taliban government was dominated by Pashtuns with other groups being the minority. After the US-led invasion and establishment of the Karzai administration in late 2001, the Northern Alliance broke apart and different political parties were formed. ==Commanders and factions== The United Front was formed in late 1996 against the Taliban government by opposition factions. Since early 1999, Ahmad Shah Massoud was the only main leader able to defend his territory against the Taliban and as such remained as the main de facto political and military leader of the United Front recognized by members of all the different ethnic groups. Massoud decided on the main political line and the general military strategy of the alliance. A part of the United Front military factions such as Junbish-i Milli or Hezb-e Wahdat, however, did not fall under the direct control of Massoud but remained under their respective regional or ethnic leaders. Military commanders of the United Front were either independent or belonged to one of the following political parties: * the Sunni Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami led by Ahmad Shah Massoud and Burhanuddin Rabbani * the Sunni Uzbek and Turkmen-dominated Junbish-i Milli led by Abdul Rashid Dostum * the Sunni Pashtun-dominated Eastern Shura led by Abdul Qadir * the Shia Tajik and Hazara-dominated Harakat-e Islami led by Asif Mohseni * the Shia Hazara-dominated Hezb-e Wahdat led by Mohammad Mohaqiq and Karim Khalili Military commanders and subcommanders of the United Front included: * From northern Afghanistan: Bismillah Khan Mohammadi, Atta Mohammad Noor, Mohammad Daud Daud, Mohammad Fahim, Gul Haider, Mohammad Mohaqiq, Rashid Dostum, Qazi Kabir Marzban; * From eastern Afghanistan: Abdul Qadir, Hazrat Ali, Jaan Daad Khan, Abdullah Wahedi, Qatrah and Najmuddin; * From southern Afghanistan: Qari Baba, Aref Noorzai and Hotak; * From western Afghanistan: Ismail Khan, Doctor Ibrahim, and Fazlkarim Aimaq; * From central Afghanistan: Sayed Mustafa Kazemi, Said Hussein Aalemi Balkhi, Akbari, Mohammad Ali Jawed, Karim Khaili and Sher Alam. The two main political candidates in the Afghan Presidential Elections of 2009 both worked for the United Front: * Abdullah Abdullah (was a close friend of Ahmad Shah Massoud and the foreign minister of the alliance) * Hamid Karzai (his father was killed by the Taliban, he subsequently went on a diplomatic mission to gather support for Massoud in Europe and the U.S. in 2000/2001) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northern Alliance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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